Chapter 11 - Thunderstorms and Tornadoes

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Index of Lecture Notes

• Introduction to Thunderstorms
• Distribution of thunderstorms
• Distribution of hail storms
• Ingredients for a thunderstorm
• Humidity: Sources of Moisture
• Instability
• Trigger
• Differential Heating
• Fronts and Drylines
• Excercises
• Air mass thunderstorms:
• Overview
• Cumulus stage
• Fair-weather cumulus
• Swelling cumulus
• Towering cumulus
• Towering cumulus with anvil
• Mature stage
• Dissipating stage
• Midlatitude thunderstorms
• Features
• Updraft
• Anvil and overshooting top
• Mammatus
• Outflow
• Features
• Precipitation and downdraft
• Gust front
• Roll or Shelf cloud
• Recap of Stages
• Severe Thunderstorms
• Monitoring severe weather:NWS
• Monitoring severe weather:SPC
• Ingredients over North America
• Mesocyclone
• Wallcloud
• Wallcloud + tornadoes
• Hooked outflow
• Observing mesocyclones
• Doppler Radar and winds
• Radar Reflectivity and Hook echo
• Exercise
• Severe Storm Hazards
• Lightning
• Downbursts
• Tornadoes
• Fujita Scale (F scale)
• Mesoscale COnvective Systems
• Supercells
• Squall lines
• Bow Echoes
• Derechoes
• Mesoscale Convective Complexes